工作场所空气中镉含量的不确定度分析

目的分析工作场所空气中镉含量测定过程的不确定度,明确实验中对结果准确性影响较大的环节。方法找出实验过程中各不确定度分量,计算合成标准不确定度以及扩展不确定度。结果在各分量不确定度中,样品溶液制备引入的不确定度和标准溶液配置引入的不确定度对实验结果的不确定度贡献较大。结论实验过程中,要注意样品的消化处理以及标准溶液配制等步骤,最大限度地减少测量结果的不确定度,保证实验数据的准确性、可靠性。     

Results of the performance verification of the CoaguChek XS system

Background

This is the first paper reporting a performance verification study of a point-of-care (POC) monitor for prothrombin time (PT) testing according to the requirements given in chapter 8 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 17593:2007 standard “Clinical laboratory testing and in vitro medical devices — Requirements for in vitro monitoring systems for self-testing of oral anticoagulant therapy”. The monitor under investigation was the new CoaguChek XS system which is designed for use in patient self testing. Its detection principle is based on the amperometric measurement of the thrombin activity generated by starting the coagulation cascade using a recombinant human thromboplastin.

Methods

The system performance verification study was performed at four study centers using venous and capillary blood samples on two test strip lots. Laboratory testing was performed from corresponding frozen plasma samples with six commercial thromboplastins. Samples from 73 normal donors and 297 patients on oral anticoagulation therapy were collected. Results were assessed using a refined data set of 260 subjects according to the ISO 17593:2007 standard.

Results

Each of the two test strip lots met the acceptance criteria of ISO 17593:2007 versus all thromboplastins (bias − 0.19 to 0.18 INR; > 97% of data within accuracy limits). The coefficient of variation for imprecision of the PT determinations in INR ranged from 2.0% to 3.2% in venous, and from 2.9% to 4.0% in capillary blood testing. Capillary versus venous INR data showed agreement of results with regression lines equal to the line of identity.

Conclusion

The new system demonstrated a high level of trueness and accuracy, and low imprecision in INR testing. It can be concluded that the CoaguChek XS system complies with the requirements in chapter 8 of the ISO standard 17593:2007.     

Excellent outcome using "impaired" standard criteria donors with elevated serum creatinine

Abstract: Introduction: To maximize organ utilization, the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) encourages use of Expanded Criteria Donors (ECD). However, Standard Criteria Donors (SCD) may also be under‐utilized, some centers discarding kidneys with serum creatinine (S.Cr) >2.0 at nephrectomy. Our experience with the use of such ``impaired’’ kidneys was reviewed retrospectively. Results: From January 1, 2003 to October 1, 2006, of 130 DD kidneys transplanted at our center, 26 were ECD. Also, 22 kidneys were from Impaired SCD (ISCD), with mean S.Cr 3.2 (2.1–4.4) at nephrectomy; eight of these had S.Cr >4.0. For these 22 ISCD, mean age was 22 yrs (11–42), sex: 16 Males; race:12 Caucasians/10 African‐Americans; All had evidence of rhabdomyolysis (Mean peak CPK 11,924 u/l). Thirty‐seven percent came from outside OPOs. Recipient demographics: age 45 years; sex 50% male, 45% African‐American. Mean HLA match was 1; dialysis was required in 28% within the first week. Mean length of stay was 10.7 days. Average discharge S.Cr was 4.2. All kidneys are currently functioning (S.Cr at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year 1.6, 1.7 and 1.7 respectively). Conclusion: An elevated creatinine should not be the only cause for discarding deceased donor kidneys.     

Trichloroethylene induce nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes

Trichloroethylene (TCE), a major chemical hazard during occupational exposure, can cause obvious skin lesions, including irritant reactions and dermatitis. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is involved in a broad array of pathogenesis of skin inflammatory and immune responses. To understand the mechanisms of TCE-induced dermatoxicity, we investigated the effects of TCE on NO production and NOS mRNA expression in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Cells were treated with TCE (0 mM, 0.125 mM, 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, 1.0 mM, 2.0 mM) for 4 h, and then incubated for 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. At each given time point, NO production were evaluated indirectly by measuring nitrite plus nitrate concentration in the culture medium using Griess reaction, as well as cell viability determined by MTT test, iNOS and cNOS activities assayed with a NOS activity detecting kit. The expression of iNOS and cNOS mRNA was detected using RT-PCR. TCE decreases cell viability and enhance NO production from NHEK in concentration- and time-dependent manner. Aminoguanidine (AG), an inhibitor of NOS, can prevent NO production and cell viability decrease in NHEK by TCE induced. Change to NO production was accompanied by increased activities of both types of NOS, but the iNOS activity accounted mainly for the TCE-induced NO production. RT-PCR detection showed that NHEK expressed both iNOS and cNOS mRNA by TCE exposure. Whereas a concentration- and time-dependent up-regulation of the mRNA expression was observed for iNOS and cNOS following TCE exposure, changes to iNOS were more marked. These results suggest that TCE caused increase in NO production, attributed to activation of iNOS as well as cNOS, and expression of iNOS and cNOS mRNA. These cellular changes may contribute to the pathological and physiological features of TCE-induced erythema and skin inflammation.     

Study on developmental abnormalities in hypospadiac male rats induced by maternal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP)

The objective of this study was to establish a hypospadiac rat model by maternal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and to evaluate the developmental abnormalities of hypospadiac male rats. Timed-pregnant rats were given DBP by gastric intubation at doses of 0, 250, 500, 750 or 1000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day from gestation day (GD) 14 to 18 to establish a hypospadiac rat model. The hypospadias was observed in the 500 and 750 mg/kg bw/day groups, the incidence of which was 6.8 and 41.3%, respectively. Transverse serial histological analysis of genitalia of hypospadiac male rats confirmed the malformation. With exposed dose increasing, the serum testosterone (T) levels of male rats inversely decreased, and in the same dosage group the serum T levels of hypospadiac rats were significantly lower than the levels of nonhypospadiac counterparts. The other reproductive lesions such as cryptorchidism and decreased ratio of anogenital distance/body weight (AGD/bw) were also observed. Autopsy analysis revealed the development of reproductive organs (prostate, testes, epididymis, pituitary gland) and nonreproductive organs (adrenal gland, liver, kidney, heart, spleen) of hypospadiac rats and nonhypospadiac counterparts. The results indicated that the reproductive system and developmental condition of hypospadiac male offspring were damaged severely by DBP.     

景天止痛膏质量标准研究

目的 修订景天止痛膏质量标准中的测定方法。方法 采用薄层色谱法（TLC）对当归、川芎、元胡、三七总皂苷进行定性鉴别,应用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定制剂中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb₁的含量。结果 TLC法鉴别专属性强,分离度好;三七皂苷R₁在0.1604～2.0050μg (r=0.999)、人参皂苷Rg₁在0.8003～10.0035μg (r=1.000)、人参皂苷Rb₁在0.6182～7.7275μg (r=1.000) 范围内呈良好的线性关系,加样回收率分别为101. 43% 、98.75% 、100. 95% ,相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为2.56% 、2.71% 、2.75%。结论 本方法准确可靠、灵敏度高,可用于景天止痛膏的质量控制。     

白果饮片质量标准修订研究

目的 建立并完善白果饮片的质量标准。方法 参照《中国药典》（2015年版）第一增补本相关方法对29批白果仁饮片及12批炒白果仁饮片进行性状鉴别,并测定水分含量。结果 不同批次的白果仁饮片及炒白果仁饮片性状较一致;白果仁饮片水分含量为8.8%～12.2%,平均为10.5%;炒白果仁饮片水分含量为5.4%～12.3%,平均为8.9%。鉴于白果饮片存储较久,易虫蛀发霉,规定白果饮片水分含量不超过10.0%。结论 与《中国药典》（2015年版）第一增补本相比,增加了白果仁及炒白果仁饮片的性状鉴别,完善了白果饮片的质量标准;白果仁及炒白果仁饮片水分含量需严格控制,不超过10.0%,以防止饮片发霉及虫蛀。     

基于多指标评价的金蕾颗粒质量标准研究

目的 基于多指标评价建立金蕾颗粒的质量标准。方法 根据2020年版《中国药典》颗粒剂项下相关规定,对金蕾颗粒性状、溶化性、粒度、水分进行评价;采用薄层色谱（TLC）法对金蕾颗粒中的湿生扁蕾、金钱草进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定当药黄素、木犀草素、山柰酚的含量,色谱柱Agilent SB-C₁₈（150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm）,以0.10%磷酸水溶液(A)-甲醇(B) 为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为360nm,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温30 ℃,进样量5 μL。结果 金蕾颗粒性状、溶化性、粒度、水分均符合2020年版《中国药典》相关规定;湿生扁蕾、金钱草的薄层色谱斑点清晰,无干扰,专属性好;当药黄素、木犀草素和山柰酚分别在20.0～240.0 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 8)、24.0～288.0 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9)、0.4～10.0 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9)范围内呈良好线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为99.23%、99.42%、99.49%（n=6）,RSD分别为1.88%、1.32%、2.84%（n=6）。结论 本研究所建立的金蕾颗粒定性定量分析方法专属性好,且操作简单结果准确,为金蕾颗粒的质量控制研究奠定基础。     

Analgesic activity of affinin, an alkamide from Heliopsis longipes (Compositae)

Heliopsis longipes (Compositae) is a Mexican plant used as analgesic in pain toothache. A solution of 10mug/ml of dichloromethane extract from this plant showed analgesic activity determined by means of GABA release in mice brain slices. Through a bioassay-directed separation, fractions G-1, G-2, G-4 and G-6 at the same concentration were active. Affinin was the unique and common active compound, and evoke the GABA release 0.5min after administration at 1x10(-4)M concentration. Inactive compound were undeca-2E-en-8,10-dyinoic acid isobutylamide, hinokinin, 2'-hydroxyhinokinin, 3beta-sn-glyceroyl-(1'-palmitoxy)urs-12-ene, 13(18)-ursen-3beta-ol, 13(18)-ursen-3beta-acetate, beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The analgesic activity of Heliopsis longipes could be associated to affinin.